Haɗin Blockchain da AI a cikin IoT: Cikakken Bincike

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Intanet na Abu (IoT) wani tsari ne na juyin juya hali wanda ke haɗa biliyoyin na'urori na zahiri da bayanan dijital a duniyar zahiri. Tare da kiyasin na'urori biliyan 50 da aka haɗa nan da ƙarshen 2020, IoT ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fagagen da suka fi girma cikin sauri a tarihin kwamfuta. 'Abubuwan' da ke cikin IoT suna nufin na'urori na zahiri irin su motoci, talabijin, agogo, da injuna waɗanda ke haɗuwa ta Intanet, suna ba su damar tattarawa, musayawa, da sarrafa bayanai waɗanda suka yi kansu.

Na'urorin IoT yawanci suna aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa na albarkatu kuma suna da rauni ga hare-haren sirri daban-daban, suna haifar da manyan kalubalen tsaro da tabbatarwa. Wannan binciken yana binciken yadda fasahohin blockchain da hankali na wucin gadi zasu iya magance waɗannan iyakoki da kuma inganta aikin tsarin IoT ta hanyar amintattun, masu hankali, da hanyoyin sarrafa kai.

2. Fasahohin Bayan Gida

2.1 Tushen Intanet na Abu

Tsarin IoT ya ƙunshi na'urori na zahiri masu haɗin kai waɗanda ke sanye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin, software, da haɗin hanyar sadarwa don tattarawa da musayar bayanai. Waɗannan na'urorin suna sa ido kan yanayin muhalli kuma suna aiwatar da ayyukan da aka ƙayyade bisa bayanan da aka tattara. Masu amfani suna samun damar waɗannan na'urorin ta Intanet kuma suna karɓar sanarwari game da aiwatar da ayyuka, suna ba da damar sarrafa muhalli daga nesa.

Aikace-aikacen IoT sun ƙunshi fagage da yawa ciki har da masana'antu, sufuri, dillalanci, kiwon lafiya, da ilimi. Fasahar tana inganta inganci a cikin gine-ginen al'ada da hanyoyin sarrafawa, suna ba da gudummawa ga juyin juya halin Masana'antu 4.0 wanda ke canza ayyukan masana'antu ta hanyar sarrafa kai na wayo da musayar bayanai.

2.2 Fasahar Blockchain

Blockchain wata fasaha ce ta Raba Littafin Rubutu (DLT) wacce ke amfani da tsarin rarrabawa don ba da damar yin ma'amaloli masu aminci, marasa canzawa, da kuma saukar da suna. A matsayin fasahar tushen bayan kuɗin dijital, yanayin rarraba blockchain yana kawar da wuraren gazawa guda ɗaya kuma yana ba da rikodin rikodin da ba za a iya gurbata ba.

Mahimman halayen fasahar sun haɗa da:

• Rarrabawa: Babu wata hukuma ta tsakiya da ke sarrafa hanyar sadarwa
• Rashin Canzawa: Da zarar an yi rikodin, ba za a iya canza bayanai ba
• Bayyana Gaskiya: Duk mahalarta za su iya duba tarihin ma'amala
• Tsaro: Hanyoyin ɓoyayyen rubutu suna tabbatar da ingancin bayanai

2.3 Hankalin Wucin Gadi a cikin IoT

Hankalin Wucin Gadi yana ba da damar tsarin IoT su nuna ɗabi'ar hankali ta hanyar sarrafa bayanan da aka tattara, gano alamu, da yin yanke shawara mai cin gashin kanta. Algorithms na AI na iya daidaitawa ga muhallin da ke canzawa kuma suna inganta aikin tsarin ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam ba.

Dabarun koyon inji, musamman samfuran koyo mai zurfi, sun nuna babban nasara a aikace-aikacen IoT kamar gyaran tsinkaya, gano abin da ba a saba gani ba, da sarrafa kai na hankali. Haɗin AI tare da IoT yana haifar da tsarin wayo wanda ke iya koyo daga bayanai da inganta ayyukansu akan lokaci.

3. Hanyoyin Haɗin Kai

3.1 Haɗin Blockchain-IoT

Haɗin blockchain tare da IoT yana magance muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tsaro ta hanyar samar da tsarin rarrabawa, maras gurbatawa don tabbatar da na'ura da ingancin bayanai. Blockchain na iya amintar da ma'amalolin IoT, sarrafa ainihin na'urori, da kuma tabbatar da asalin bayanai a ko'ina cikin tsarin IoT.

Muhimman fa'idodi sun haɗa da:

• Ƙarfafa tsaro ta hanyar tabbatar da ɓoyayyen rubutu
• Sarrafa na'ura mai rarrabawa
• Hanyoyin duba bayyananne don duk ma'amaloli
• Juriya ga wuraren gazawa guda ɗaya

3.2 Haɗin AI-IoT

Fasahohin AI suna ba da ikon hankali ga tsarin IoT, suna ba da damar amsawar sarrafa kai ga canje-canjen muhalli da kuma binciken tsinkaya. Algorithms na koyon inji suna sarrafa bayanan da IoT ta samar don gano alamu, gano abin da ba a saba gani ba, da inganta ayyukan tsarin.

Aikace-aikace sun haɗa da:

• Gyaran tsinkaya a cikin saitunan masana'antu
• Sarrafa makamashi mai wayo a gine-gine
• Tsarin sarrafa zirga-zirga na hankali
• Kula da lafiya na keɓantacce

3.3 Tsarin Haɗin Blockchain-AI-IoT

Haɗin kai na blockchain da AI tare da IoT yana haifar da cikakkun tsarin da ke amfani da tsaron blockchain da hankalin AI. Wannan haɗin gwiwa uku yana ba da damar samfuran IoT masu sarrafa kai, amintacce, da ƙarfi waɗanda ke iya aiki a cikin muhallin da ke canzawa yayin kiyaye ingancin bayanai da amincin tsarin.

Tsarin yana tabbatar da:

• Raba bayanai da adana su cikin aminci
• Ƙarfin yanke shawara na hankali
• Ayyuka masu bayyanawa da ana iya duba su
• Amsa mai daidaitawa ga canje-canjen muhalli

4. Aiwarta Fasaha

4.1 Tushen Lissafi

Haɗin blockchain da AI a cikin tsarin IoT ya dogara da tushen lissafi da yawa. Don tsaron blockchain, ayyukan hash na ɓoyayyen rubutu suna tabbatar da ingancin bayanai:

$H(m) = hash(m)$ inda $H$ aikin hash ne na ɓoyayyen rubutu kuma $m$ shine saƙon

Don sassan AI, samfuran koyon inji sau da yawa suna amfani da algorithms na ingantawa. Dokar sabunta gangaren gangaren don sigogin samfuri $ heta$ ita ce:

$\theta_{t+1} = \theta_t - \eta \nabla J(\theta_t)$

inda $\eta$ shine ƙimar koyo kuma $J(\theta)$ aikin farashi ne.

Algorithms na yarjejeniya a cikin blockchain, irin su Tabbin Aiki, ana iya wakilta su ta hanyar lissafi kamar:

$H(nonce || previous\_hash || transactions) < target$

4.2 Sakamakon Gwaji

Ƙididdiga na gwaji na haɗin blockchain-AI-IoT sun nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin aikin tsarin. A cikin gwajin tsaro, tsarin IoT da aka haɗa da blockchain ya nuna kashi 98.7% na juriya ga hare-haren gurbatawa idan aka kwatanta da kashi 67.3% a cikin tsarin IoT na al'ada.

Tsarin IoT da aka inganta ta AI ya nuna ingantaccen gano abin da ba a saba gani ba na kashi 45% da raguwar ƙimar ƙima mara kyau na kashi 32%. Tsarin da aka haɗa ya cimma ingancin aiki na kashi 89% a cikin muhallin da ke canzawa, wanda ya fi aiwatar da kai.

Jadidin Kwatancen Aiki: Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna bayyanannen matsayi na aiki tare da tsarin haɗin blockchain-AI-IoT yana cimma mafi girman maki a cikin ma'aunin tsaro (94%), inganci (89%), da daidaito (92%), sannan AI-IoT (78%, 82%, 88%) da aiwatar da blockchain-IoT (85%, 76%, 74%), yayin da tsarin IoT na al'ada ya fi ƙasa (62%, 58%, 65%).

4.3 Aiwar Lambar

A ƙasa akwai misalin pseudocode mai sauƙi don kwangilar wayo da ke haɗa blockchain tare da sarrafa bayanan IoT:

contract IoTBlockchainAI {
    struct Device {
        address deviceAddress;
        string deviceId;
        uint timestamp;
        bool isActive;
    }
    
    mapping(string => Device) public devices;
    mapping(string => int[]) public sensorData;
    
    function registerDevice(string memory deviceId) public {
        devices[deviceId] = Device(msg.sender, deviceId, block.timestamp, true);
    }
    
    function submitData(string memory deviceId, int[] memory data) public {
        require(devices[deviceId].isActive, "Na'urar ba ta aiki");
        sensorData[deviceId] = data;
        // Faɗakarwar sarrafa AI
        processWithAI(deviceId, data);
    }
    
    function processWithAI(string memory deviceId, int[] memory data) private {
        // Ƙaddamar da koyon inji
        bool anomaly = detectAnomaly(data);
        if (anomaly) {
            triggerAlert(deviceId);
        }
    }
    
    function detectAnomaly(int[] memory data) private pure returns (bool) {
        // Sauƙaƙan dabaru na gano abin da ba a saba gani ba
        int mean = calculateMean(data);
        int stdDev = calculateStdDev(data, mean);
        return abs(data[data.length-1] - mean) > 3 * stdDev;
    }
}

5. Aikace-aikace na Gaba da Kalubale

Aikace-aikace na Gaba

Haɗin blockchain da AI tare da IoT yana buɗe yiwuwa da yawa a fagage daban-daban:

• Birane Masu Hankali: Sarrafa zirga-zirga mai hankali, sarrafa shara, da tsarin rarraba makamashi tare da musayar bayanai mai aminci
• Kiwon Lafiya: Kula da marasa lafiya cikin aminci, bin diddigin sarrafa magunguna, da tsare-tsaren magani na keɓantacce
• Sarkar Wadata: Bin diddigin kayayyaki bayyananne daga masana'anta zuwa mabukaci tare da binciken tsinkaya don hasashen buƙata
• Sashin Makamashi: Rarraba hanyoyin sadarwar makamashi tare da daidaita kaya mai hankali da daidaita ma'amala mai aminci
• Noma: Noma daidaitacce tare da ban ruwa ta atomatik, sa ido kan amfanin gona, da sarrafa sarkar wadata mai aminci

Kalubalen Fasaha

Duk da yuwuwar da ake yi, akwai kalubale da yawa da ake buƙatar magance:

• Ƙarfin Girma: Hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain suna fuskantar iyakokin kayan aiki waɗanda zasu iya takura manyan ayyukan IoT
• Ƙarin Lissafi: Ayyukan AI da blockchain suna buƙatar muhimman albarkatun lissafi, kalubale ga na'urorin IoT masu ƙuntatawa na albarkatu
• Haɗin Kai: Daidaitawa a duk faɗin dandamalin blockchain daban-daban da ka'idojin IoT har yanzu yana da iyaka
• Abubuwan da suka shafi Sirri: Daidaita bayyananne tare da sirrin bayanai a cikin ma'amalolin IoT da aka yi rikodin blockchain
• Amfani da Makamashi: Inganta sawun makamashi na haɗin tsarin blockchain-AI-IoT

Hanyoyin Bincike

Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan:

• Hanyoyin yarjejeniya masu sauƙi don muhallin IoT
• Hanyoyin koyo na tarayya don kiyaye sirrin bayanai
• Gine-ginen lissafi na gefe don rarraba nauyin lissafi
• Ka'idojin haɗin kai tsakanin sarkoki
• AI mai bayyanawa don yanke shawara mai bayyanawa a cikin muhimman aikace-aikace

6. Bayanan

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2. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems.
3. Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press.
4. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
5. Zhu, J. Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.
6. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature.
7. Christidis, K., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2016). Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. IEEE Access.
8. Mohanty, S. N., Ramya, K. C., Rani, S. S., Gupta, D., Shankar, K., & Lakshmanaprabu, S. K. (2020). An efficient Lightweight integrated Blockchain (ELIB) model for IoT security and privacy. Future Generation Computer Systems.